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Volume 13, Issue 3 (2025)
Health Educ Health Promot 2025, 13(3): 445-454 |
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History
Received: 2025/05/24 | Accepted: 2025/08/1 | Published: 2025/08/18
Received: 2025/05/24 | Accepted: 2025/08/1 | Published: 2025/08/18
How to cite this article
Cabauatan L, Dana J, Amilbahar J, Meriales M, Tagare Jr. R. Psychological Distress and Academic Burnout as Predictors of the Life Satisfaction of Nursing Students in Rural Academia. Health Educ Health Promot 2025; 13 (3) :445-454
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1- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Mindanao, Cotabato, Philippines
2- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Mindanao, Cotabato, Philippines
3- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Southern Mindanao, Cotabato, Philippines
2- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Mindanao, Cotabato, Philippines
3- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Southern Mindanao, Cotabato, Philippines
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Introduction
Life satisfaction refers to an individual’s overall evaluation of their quality of life based on personal experiences, achievements, and expectations [1]. It encompasses a subjective sense of well-being influenced by various factors such as physical health, social relationships, academic performance, and future aspirations. In the educational context, life satisfaction plays a significant role in promoting students’ mental health, fostering academic engagement, and enhancing their ability to cope with stress and challenges [2]. Among nursing students, maintaining a high level of life satisfaction is crucial, as it directly impacts their motivation, resilience, and capacity to provide compassionate care despite academic pressure and demanding clinical exposure [3].
Psychological distress refers to a state of emotional suffering characterized by symptoms of anxiety, depression, and a perceived inability to cope with stressors in life [4]. It commonly arises in response to overwhelming situations, such as academic pressures, social challenges, or personal difficulties, which disrupt an individual’s emotional and psychological well-being [5]. Among students, particularly those in high-demand programs like nursing, psychological distress often manifests through persistent feelings of worry, sadness, and helplessness, ultimately affecting their academic performance, interpersonal relationships, and overall functioning. Prolonged exposure to psychological distress can lead to burnout, mental fatigue, and decreased life satisfaction, making it essential to understand and address the root causes of distress to promote better mental health and academic outcomes for students [6].
Academic burnout refers to a psychological syndrome resulting from prolonged academic stress, characterized by feelings of exhaustion, reduced academic efficacy, and a sense of detachment from academic tasks [7]. It typically emerges when students face excessive academic demands, limited rest, and a lack of control over their educational workload, leading to mental and physical fatigue. Among nursing students, academic burnout is particularly prevalent due to the rigorous nature of their coursework, clinical rotations, and caregiving responsibilities, often resulting in diminished motivation, decreased academic performance, and impaired mental well-being. If not addressed, academic burnout can significantly impact students’ life satisfaction, psychological health, and overall academic engagement, emphasizing the need for interventions that promote resilience and academic support systems [8].
Students in higher education, particularly those in demanding academic programs, often face pressing challenges that negatively impact their life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and academic performance. Low life satisfaction among students is frequently associated with academic pressure, financial constraints, social isolation, and a lack of institutional support, which collectively undermine their overall well-being and quality of life [9]. Concurrently, students experience heightened levels of psychological distress due to excessive academic demands, personal problems, and uncertainty about their future, resulting in symptoms of anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion that impede their functioning [10]. Moreover, persistent exposure to academic pressure and stress increases the likelihood of academic burnout, which is characterized by mental exhaustion, detachment from academic tasks, and decreased academic self-efficacy, further compromising students’ academic performance and psychological health [11].
Several studies have examined life satisfaction among students, highlighting its crucial role in fostering overall well-being, academic achievement, and positive mental health. Research has shown that higher life satisfaction is associated with better academic performance, increased social support, and improved psychological resilience, allowing students to cope effectively with academic and personal challenges [12]. In the context of nursing students, life satisfaction has been linked to their capacity to manage academic stress, maintain emotional balance, and sustain their motivation in pursuing their professional goals [13]. Studies also indicate that life satisfaction significantly contributes to reducing psychological distress and preventing academic burnout, underscoring the importance of fostering a supportive learning environment that promotes students’ well-being. Moreover, findings suggest that promoting life satisfaction among students may lead to enhanced academic engagement, reduced dropout rates, and improved overall quality of life [14].
Further, few studies have extensively examined psychological distress among students, revealing its significant impact on their mental health, academic performance, and overall well-being. Research suggests that high levels of psychological distress, often manifested through anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion, are commonly experienced by students due to academic pressure, financial difficulties, and social challenges [15]. Among nursing students, psychological distress is notably prevalent due to the demanding nature of their educational and clinical training, which often leads to emotional fatigue, decreased motivation, and impaired academic functioning [16]. Studies also indicate that prolonged exposure to psychological distress negatively affects students’ cognitive functioning, decision-making abilities, and physical health, ultimately diminishing their quality of life. Furthermore, research highlights the need for universities to implement mental health support services and coping strategies to help reduce the psychological burden experienced by students [17].
Several studies have investigated academic burnout among students, emphasizing its detrimental effects on their academic performance, mental health, and overall well-being. Academic burnout, characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced academic efficacy, often arises from excessive academic demands, prolonged study hours, and a lack of rest, particularly among students in high-demand programs such as nursing [18]. Research has shown that students experiencing burnout tend to exhibit low academic motivation, increased absenteeism, poor academic performance, and heightened psychological distress, ultimately compromising their life satisfaction [19]. Moreover, studies suggest that academic burnout is strongly associated with feelings of helplessness, frustration, and detachment from academic tasks, making it difficult for students to sustain their academic and professional aspirations [20].
Despite numerous studies on life satisfaction, psychological distress, and academic burnout among students, there remains insufficient data on the predictive relationship between psychological distress and academic burnout regarding the life satisfaction of nursing students, particularly in rural academic settings. Existing literature primarily focuses on these parameters individually, but limited attention has been given to understanding how psychological distress and academic burnout collectively influence students’ overall life satisfaction. This gap in knowledge limits the development of comprehensive interventions that could holistically address the well-being of nursing students who are exposed to intense academic pressure and caregiving responsibilities. Therefore, this study aims to address this gap by answering the general research question: To what extent do psychological distress and academic burnout predict life satisfaction among nursing students in rural academia? Correspondingly, the primary objective of this study was to examine the predictive relationship between psychological distress, academic burnout, and life satisfaction, providing empirical evidence that can inform policies, intervention programs, and institutional support services aimed at promoting the overall well-being of nursing students.
This research holds significant importance as it provides valuable insights into the well-being of nursing students, particularly in understanding how psychological distress and academic burnout impact their life satisfaction. For the respondents, the findings may contribute to the development of targeted support systems that promote mental health, reduce burnout, and enhance overall quality of life. In the body of knowledge, this study expands the literature by establishing the predictive relationship between psychological distress, academic burnout, and life satisfaction, addressing a gap that has received limited attention in previous research. The novelty of this research lies in its focused exploration of the predictors of life satisfaction among nursing students in rural academia, offering empirical evidence that may drive future interventions and academic reforms.
Instrument and Methods
Research design and sample
This quantitative study used a descriptive correlational approach and was conducted on 649 nursing students from a leading state university in Southern Philippines from June 2024 to March 2025.
Quantitative research is a systematic investigation that collects and analyzes numerical data to understand, explain, and predict phenomena, allowing researchers to measure parameters objectively [21]. Descriptive correlational research, on the other hand, seeks to determine the extent to which two or more parameters are related without manipulating any of them, thereby providing a clear understanding of their association [22].
The use of a quantitative descriptive correlational design is deemed most appropriate for this study, as it allows for the identification and measurement of the relationship between psychological distress, academic burnout, and life satisfaction among nursing students. This design enables the researchers to gather data objectively, analyze statistical relationships, and generate empirical evidence to understand how psychological distress and academic burnout predict life satisfaction. Furthermore, it supports the study’s aim of providing evidence-based insights that may contribute to enhancing the well-being of nursing students, particularly in rural academic settings.
The samples were selected through simple random sampling. Simple random sampling is a probability sampling technique where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, ensuring that the sample is representative and free from selection bias [23]. This sampling technique is considered the most appropriate for this study, as it provides equal opportunity for all nursing students to participate, allowing for diverse and unbiased responses. Additionally, it enhances the generalizability of the findings, ensuring that the results accurately reflect the experiences of nursing students in rural academia regarding their psychological distress, academic burnout, and life satisfaction.
Furthermore, rural educational settings possess unique characteristics that significantly shape student experiences. Geographical isolation often limits access to educational resources, extracurricular activities, and specialized academic support, which can influence students’ academic engagement and overall satisfaction. Additionally, schools in rural areas may face challenges such as underfunding, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to mental health services. Cultural aspects, including strong community ties and traditional values, can both support and constrain students, impacting their coping mechanisms, motivation, and perceptions of well-being.
Procedure
This research followed a systematic procedure, beginning with the preparation and validation of the research instruments. To ensure efficient and wide-reaching data collection, the researchers utilized online survey forms distributed through official student channels and social media platforms. Participants were provided with clear instructions and informed consent prior to answering the questionnaires. The use of online forms allowed for faster data gathering, ensured participant anonymity, and facilitated convenient access for respondents across various rural academic settings. The authors strictly observed all ethical considerations in the conduct of this study. Participation was entirely voluntary, with informed consent obtained from all respondents prior to data collection. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout the research process to protect the rights and privacy of the participants.
Research instrument
The Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS), developed by Huebner in 1994, was used to measure the life satisfaction of nursing students, with a reported reliability index of 0.82. To assess psychological distress, we utilized the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), developed by Ametaj et al. [24], which demonstrates high internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.93. Additionally, the Student Version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT), developed by Schaufeli et al., was used to measure academic burnout, yielding a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88. The use of these standardized tools ensured the validity and reliability of the data gathered, allowing for accurate measurement of the parameters under investigation.
Statistical analysis
To determine the relationship between psychological distress, academic burnout, and life satisfaction, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was utilized. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis was employed to predict the extent to which psychological distress and academic burnout influence the life satisfaction of nursing students. SPSS version 29 was used to analyze the data.
Findings
A total of 649 students participated in the study (Table 1)
Table 1. Frequency of respondents’ characteristics (n=649)
![src=./files/hehp/images/HTML_Publish/81484/1.png]()
A total of 113 respondents (17.0%) were likely to be well, while 133 respondents (20.0%) were likely to have a mild disorder. Additionally, 174 respondents (23.0%) were likely to have a moderate disorder, and 256 respondents (39.0%) were likely to have a severe disorder.
The burnout scale was categorized as follows: A score between 4.00 and 3.50 indicated “Strongly agree,” which corresponded to severe burnout. A score from 3.49 to 2.50 represented “Agree,” indicating high burnout. Scores ranging from 2.49 to 1.50 signified “Disagree,” reflecting moderate burnout, while a score between 1.49 and 1.00 indicated “Strongly Disagree,” corresponding to low burnout (Table 2).
Table 2. Academic burnout among the respondents
![src=./files/hehp/images/HTML_Publish/81484/2-1.png]()
![src=./files/hehp/images/HTML_Publish/81484/2-2.png]()
The life satisfaction scale was categorized as follows: Scores between 4.00 and 3.50 indicated “Strongly agree,” reflecting very high life satisfaction. Scores from 3.49 to 2.50 represented “Agree,” indicating high life satisfaction. Scores ranging from 2.49 to 1.50 signified “Disagree,” corresponding to moderate life satisfaction, while scores between 1.49 and 1.00 indicated “Strongly Disagree,” reflecting low life satisfaction. The overall life satisfaction levels of the respondents were assessed across five family, friends, school, living environment, and self domains. Most nursing students reported high to very high levels of life satisfaction, particularly in their relationships with friends and family (Table 3).
Table 3. Life satisfaction among the respondents
![src=./files/hehp/images/HTML_Publish/81484/3-1.png]()
![src=./files/hehp/images/HTML_Publish/81484/3-2.png]()
Both psychological distress and academic burnout significantly predicted life satisfaction among nursing students, with negative standardized coefficients indicating their detrimental impact. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to address mental health challenges and academic pressures to enhance the overall well-being and quality of life of nursing students.
(Table 4).
Table 4. Effect of psychological distress and academic burnout on the life satisfaction of the students
![src=./files/hehp/images/HTML_Publish/81484/4.png]()
Discussion
This study investigated the effect of psychological distress and academic burnout on life satisfaction among students. Out of 649 nursing students, 113, or 17.0%, were found to be likely well, while 133, or 20.0%, were likely to have a mild disorder. Additionally, 174, or 23.0%, were likely to have a moderate disorder, and a considerable portion, 256, or 39.0%, were likely to have a severe disorder. The significant number of students experiencing severe psychological distress suggests heightened exposure to academic pressure, emotional fatigue, and mental exhaustion. Nursing students often face overwhelming academic requirements, intense clinical duties, and constant exposure to patient care, which can significantly contribute to their psychological distress. This condition may negatively impact their cognitive functioning, decision-making, and academic performance, potentially compromising their overall well-being. Furthermore, persistent psychological distress may lead to burnout, a lack of educational engagement, and poor mental health, affecting students’ motivation and capacity to deliver quality patient care once they enter the healthcare profession.
Our findings are consistent with previous research, which emphasizes the prevalence of psychological distress among nursing students. Studies have shown that academic demands, clinical exposures, and social expectations significantly contribute to heightened levels of distress, negatively affecting their mental well-being and overall quality of life [25]. Research also suggests that students experiencing higher levels of psychological distress are more likely to suffer from decreased academic performance, social withdrawal, and mental fatigue, ultimately affecting their educational journey [26]. Moreover, students in highly demanding academic programs, such as nursing, are particularly vulnerable to psychological distress, leading to negative implications for their mental health and academic success [27].
The overall academic burnout of the respondents yielded a grand mean of 2.39, which is interpreted as “Moderate Burnout.” This indicates that most nursing students experience a moderate level of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion resulting from their academic workload and clinical responsibilities. This implies that while students may still demonstrate a certain degree of motivation and academic engagement, they also encounter considerable stress, fatigue, and a sense of detachment from their educational tasks. The presence of moderate burnout suggests that the demanding nature of nursing education, coupled with the pressure of clinical practice, may significantly impact their academic performance, mental well-being, and overall quality of life. Our findings align with previous research highlighting the prevalence of academic burnout among nursing students. Students in health-related courses, particularly nursing, are highly susceptible to burnout due to overwhelming academic demands and extended clinical exposures [28]. Moderate to high levels of burnout significantly impact students’ academic performance, motivation, and mental health, leading to reduced learning efficiency and engagement [29]. Nursing students often experience burnout due to the pressure of balancing academic tasks, practical training, and personal responsibilities, which may eventually affect their future professional roles. Academic burnout is also strongly associated with feelings of detachment and exhaustion, which limit students’ academic productivity and diminish their overall well-being [30].
A considerable number of nursing students experience persistent physical, emotional, and mental fatigue caused by their academic workload and clinical requirements. This implies that the accumulation of academic pressures, extended study hours, and demanding practical tasks contributes to their overall exhaustion, resulting in decreased energy and enthusiasm toward academic activities. The high level of burnout in this domain may also reflect the physical and mental toll of nursing education, impacting students’ productivity and long-term engagement in their academic journey. Our findings are consistent with previous research, which emphasizes the high level of exhaustion experienced by nursing students. Students enrolled in demanding academic programs, particularly those in healthcare, often experience severe exhaustion due to the physical and cognitive demands of their coursework. Nursing students frequently encounter high levels of burnout due to prolonged study hours, intensive clinical practice, and insufficient rest, which significantly impacts their academic performance and mental well-being [31]. Exhaustion in educational settings often leads to reduced motivation, decreased academic engagement, and compromised overall well-being. Persistent exhaustion in students may also increase the likelihood of educational failure, absenteeism, and long-term disengagement in their field of study [32].
A considerable number of nursing students experienced a certain degree of mental disconnection from their academic responsibilities. This implies that despite maintaining functional engagement, students may occasionally feel emotionally detached or disinterested in their school-related tasks. The presence of moderate burnout in this domain may affect their motivation, concentration, and overall academic performance, potentially influencing their overall educational experience. Our results are supported by previous research, which highlights the occurrence of mental distance among students experiencing burnout [33]. Mental distance is a common manifestation of burnout, wherein students emotionally withdraw from their academic roles, resulting in reduced interest and engagement [34]. Students experiencing burnout often develop negative attitudes toward their studies, which can lead to decreased academic motivation and enthusiasm.
Nursing students reported experiencing a moderate level of emotional exhaustion, which may occasionally affect their ability to regulate their emotions in school settings. This implies that while students generally manage their feelings, persistent academic pressure and overwhelming clinical duties may still lead to sporadic emotional distress. The presence of moderate burnout suggests that students are vulnerable to experiencing moments of emotional imbalance, which could influence their academic performance, social interactions, and overall mental well-being. The findings of this study align with research highlighting the emotional toll of academic burnout on students [35]. Burnout often leads to emotional imbalance, heightened stress, and difficulties in regulating emotions [36]. High academic demands contribute to emotional exhaustion, which in turn reduces productivity and increases psychological distress. Students struggling with emotional impairment due to burnout are more likely to lose motivation, negatively affecting their learning and well-being [37].
The respondents declared experiencing a moderate level of cognitive exhaustion, which may occasionally interfere with their ability to focus, process information, and perform academic tasks efficiently. This implies that the cognitive load from academic responsibilities and clinical practices contributes to occasional lapses in focus, making it challenging for students to sustain optimal mental performance. However, their ability to maintain academic output despite moderate burnout reflects their resilience and adaptability in managing academic challenges. Our findings support research linking academic burnout to cognitive impairment among students [38]. Burnout often leads to difficulties in concentration, reduced cognitive processing, and inefficient task performance. Cognitive fatigue limits students’ ability to absorb and apply knowledge, thereby reducing academic productivity. Prolonged academic stress further exacerbates cognitive burnout, negatively affecting engagement and learning outcomes [39].
Most respondents reported experiencing a moderate level of psychological distress, characterized by occasional worry, stress, and mental exhaustion. This implies that the combination of academic pr
Life satisfaction refers to an individual’s overall evaluation of their quality of life based on personal experiences, achievements, and expectations [1]. It encompasses a subjective sense of well-being influenced by various factors such as physical health, social relationships, academic performance, and future aspirations. In the educational context, life satisfaction plays a significant role in promoting students’ mental health, fostering academic engagement, and enhancing their ability to cope with stress and challenges [2]. Among nursing students, maintaining a high level of life satisfaction is crucial, as it directly impacts their motivation, resilience, and capacity to provide compassionate care despite academic pressure and demanding clinical exposure [3].
Psychological distress refers to a state of emotional suffering characterized by symptoms of anxiety, depression, and a perceived inability to cope with stressors in life [4]. It commonly arises in response to overwhelming situations, such as academic pressures, social challenges, or personal difficulties, which disrupt an individual’s emotional and psychological well-being [5]. Among students, particularly those in high-demand programs like nursing, psychological distress often manifests through persistent feelings of worry, sadness, and helplessness, ultimately affecting their academic performance, interpersonal relationships, and overall functioning. Prolonged exposure to psychological distress can lead to burnout, mental fatigue, and decreased life satisfaction, making it essential to understand and address the root causes of distress to promote better mental health and academic outcomes for students [6].
Academic burnout refers to a psychological syndrome resulting from prolonged academic stress, characterized by feelings of exhaustion, reduced academic efficacy, and a sense of detachment from academic tasks [7]. It typically emerges when students face excessive academic demands, limited rest, and a lack of control over their educational workload, leading to mental and physical fatigue. Among nursing students, academic burnout is particularly prevalent due to the rigorous nature of their coursework, clinical rotations, and caregiving responsibilities, often resulting in diminished motivation, decreased academic performance, and impaired mental well-being. If not addressed, academic burnout can significantly impact students’ life satisfaction, psychological health, and overall academic engagement, emphasizing the need for interventions that promote resilience and academic support systems [8].
Students in higher education, particularly those in demanding academic programs, often face pressing challenges that negatively impact their life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and academic performance. Low life satisfaction among students is frequently associated with academic pressure, financial constraints, social isolation, and a lack of institutional support, which collectively undermine their overall well-being and quality of life [9]. Concurrently, students experience heightened levels of psychological distress due to excessive academic demands, personal problems, and uncertainty about their future, resulting in symptoms of anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion that impede their functioning [10]. Moreover, persistent exposure to academic pressure and stress increases the likelihood of academic burnout, which is characterized by mental exhaustion, detachment from academic tasks, and decreased academic self-efficacy, further compromising students’ academic performance and psychological health [11].
Several studies have examined life satisfaction among students, highlighting its crucial role in fostering overall well-being, academic achievement, and positive mental health. Research has shown that higher life satisfaction is associated with better academic performance, increased social support, and improved psychological resilience, allowing students to cope effectively with academic and personal challenges [12]. In the context of nursing students, life satisfaction has been linked to their capacity to manage academic stress, maintain emotional balance, and sustain their motivation in pursuing their professional goals [13]. Studies also indicate that life satisfaction significantly contributes to reducing psychological distress and preventing academic burnout, underscoring the importance of fostering a supportive learning environment that promotes students’ well-being. Moreover, findings suggest that promoting life satisfaction among students may lead to enhanced academic engagement, reduced dropout rates, and improved overall quality of life [14].
Further, few studies have extensively examined psychological distress among students, revealing its significant impact on their mental health, academic performance, and overall well-being. Research suggests that high levels of psychological distress, often manifested through anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion, are commonly experienced by students due to academic pressure, financial difficulties, and social challenges [15]. Among nursing students, psychological distress is notably prevalent due to the demanding nature of their educational and clinical training, which often leads to emotional fatigue, decreased motivation, and impaired academic functioning [16]. Studies also indicate that prolonged exposure to psychological distress negatively affects students’ cognitive functioning, decision-making abilities, and physical health, ultimately diminishing their quality of life. Furthermore, research highlights the need for universities to implement mental health support services and coping strategies to help reduce the psychological burden experienced by students [17].
Several studies have investigated academic burnout among students, emphasizing its detrimental effects on their academic performance, mental health, and overall well-being. Academic burnout, characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced academic efficacy, often arises from excessive academic demands, prolonged study hours, and a lack of rest, particularly among students in high-demand programs such as nursing [18]. Research has shown that students experiencing burnout tend to exhibit low academic motivation, increased absenteeism, poor academic performance, and heightened psychological distress, ultimately compromising their life satisfaction [19]. Moreover, studies suggest that academic burnout is strongly associated with feelings of helplessness, frustration, and detachment from academic tasks, making it difficult for students to sustain their academic and professional aspirations [20].
Despite numerous studies on life satisfaction, psychological distress, and academic burnout among students, there remains insufficient data on the predictive relationship between psychological distress and academic burnout regarding the life satisfaction of nursing students, particularly in rural academic settings. Existing literature primarily focuses on these parameters individually, but limited attention has been given to understanding how psychological distress and academic burnout collectively influence students’ overall life satisfaction. This gap in knowledge limits the development of comprehensive interventions that could holistically address the well-being of nursing students who are exposed to intense academic pressure and caregiving responsibilities. Therefore, this study aims to address this gap by answering the general research question: To what extent do psychological distress and academic burnout predict life satisfaction among nursing students in rural academia? Correspondingly, the primary objective of this study was to examine the predictive relationship between psychological distress, academic burnout, and life satisfaction, providing empirical evidence that can inform policies, intervention programs, and institutional support services aimed at promoting the overall well-being of nursing students.
This research holds significant importance as it provides valuable insights into the well-being of nursing students, particularly in understanding how psychological distress and academic burnout impact their life satisfaction. For the respondents, the findings may contribute to the development of targeted support systems that promote mental health, reduce burnout, and enhance overall quality of life. In the body of knowledge, this study expands the literature by establishing the predictive relationship between psychological distress, academic burnout, and life satisfaction, addressing a gap that has received limited attention in previous research. The novelty of this research lies in its focused exploration of the predictors of life satisfaction among nursing students in rural academia, offering empirical evidence that may drive future interventions and academic reforms.
Instrument and Methods
Research design and sample
This quantitative study used a descriptive correlational approach and was conducted on 649 nursing students from a leading state university in Southern Philippines from June 2024 to March 2025.
Quantitative research is a systematic investigation that collects and analyzes numerical data to understand, explain, and predict phenomena, allowing researchers to measure parameters objectively [21]. Descriptive correlational research, on the other hand, seeks to determine the extent to which two or more parameters are related without manipulating any of them, thereby providing a clear understanding of their association [22].
The use of a quantitative descriptive correlational design is deemed most appropriate for this study, as it allows for the identification and measurement of the relationship between psychological distress, academic burnout, and life satisfaction among nursing students. This design enables the researchers to gather data objectively, analyze statistical relationships, and generate empirical evidence to understand how psychological distress and academic burnout predict life satisfaction. Furthermore, it supports the study’s aim of providing evidence-based insights that may contribute to enhancing the well-being of nursing students, particularly in rural academic settings.
The samples were selected through simple random sampling. Simple random sampling is a probability sampling technique where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, ensuring that the sample is representative and free from selection bias [23]. This sampling technique is considered the most appropriate for this study, as it provides equal opportunity for all nursing students to participate, allowing for diverse and unbiased responses. Additionally, it enhances the generalizability of the findings, ensuring that the results accurately reflect the experiences of nursing students in rural academia regarding their psychological distress, academic burnout, and life satisfaction.
Furthermore, rural educational settings possess unique characteristics that significantly shape student experiences. Geographical isolation often limits access to educational resources, extracurricular activities, and specialized academic support, which can influence students’ academic engagement and overall satisfaction. Additionally, schools in rural areas may face challenges such as underfunding, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to mental health services. Cultural aspects, including strong community ties and traditional values, can both support and constrain students, impacting their coping mechanisms, motivation, and perceptions of well-being.
Procedure
This research followed a systematic procedure, beginning with the preparation and validation of the research instruments. To ensure efficient and wide-reaching data collection, the researchers utilized online survey forms distributed through official student channels and social media platforms. Participants were provided with clear instructions and informed consent prior to answering the questionnaires. The use of online forms allowed for faster data gathering, ensured participant anonymity, and facilitated convenient access for respondents across various rural academic settings. The authors strictly observed all ethical considerations in the conduct of this study. Participation was entirely voluntary, with informed consent obtained from all respondents prior to data collection. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout the research process to protect the rights and privacy of the participants.
Research instrument
The Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS), developed by Huebner in 1994, was used to measure the life satisfaction of nursing students, with a reported reliability index of 0.82. To assess psychological distress, we utilized the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), developed by Ametaj et al. [24], which demonstrates high internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.93. Additionally, the Student Version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT), developed by Schaufeli et al., was used to measure academic burnout, yielding a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88. The use of these standardized tools ensured the validity and reliability of the data gathered, allowing for accurate measurement of the parameters under investigation.
Statistical analysis
To determine the relationship between psychological distress, academic burnout, and life satisfaction, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was utilized. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis was employed to predict the extent to which psychological distress and academic burnout influence the life satisfaction of nursing students. SPSS version 29 was used to analyze the data.
Findings
A total of 649 students participated in the study (Table 1)
Table 1. Frequency of respondents’ characteristics (n=649)
A total of 113 respondents (17.0%) were likely to be well, while 133 respondents (20.0%) were likely to have a mild disorder. Additionally, 174 respondents (23.0%) were likely to have a moderate disorder, and 256 respondents (39.0%) were likely to have a severe disorder.
The burnout scale was categorized as follows: A score between 4.00 and 3.50 indicated “Strongly agree,” which corresponded to severe burnout. A score from 3.49 to 2.50 represented “Agree,” indicating high burnout. Scores ranging from 2.49 to 1.50 signified “Disagree,” reflecting moderate burnout, while a score between 1.49 and 1.00 indicated “Strongly Disagree,” corresponding to low burnout (Table 2).
Table 2. Academic burnout among the respondents
The life satisfaction scale was categorized as follows: Scores between 4.00 and 3.50 indicated “Strongly agree,” reflecting very high life satisfaction. Scores from 3.49 to 2.50 represented “Agree,” indicating high life satisfaction. Scores ranging from 2.49 to 1.50 signified “Disagree,” corresponding to moderate life satisfaction, while scores between 1.49 and 1.00 indicated “Strongly Disagree,” reflecting low life satisfaction. The overall life satisfaction levels of the respondents were assessed across five family, friends, school, living environment, and self domains. Most nursing students reported high to very high levels of life satisfaction, particularly in their relationships with friends and family (Table 3).
Table 3. Life satisfaction among the respondents
Both psychological distress and academic burnout significantly predicted life satisfaction among nursing students, with negative standardized coefficients indicating their detrimental impact. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to address mental health challenges and academic pressures to enhance the overall well-being and quality of life of nursing students.
(Table 4).
Table 4. Effect of psychological distress and academic burnout on the life satisfaction of the students
Discussion
This study investigated the effect of psychological distress and academic burnout on life satisfaction among students. Out of 649 nursing students, 113, or 17.0%, were found to be likely well, while 133, or 20.0%, were likely to have a mild disorder. Additionally, 174, or 23.0%, were likely to have a moderate disorder, and a considerable portion, 256, or 39.0%, were likely to have a severe disorder. The significant number of students experiencing severe psychological distress suggests heightened exposure to academic pressure, emotional fatigue, and mental exhaustion. Nursing students often face overwhelming academic requirements, intense clinical duties, and constant exposure to patient care, which can significantly contribute to their psychological distress. This condition may negatively impact their cognitive functioning, decision-making, and academic performance, potentially compromising their overall well-being. Furthermore, persistent psychological distress may lead to burnout, a lack of educational engagement, and poor mental health, affecting students’ motivation and capacity to deliver quality patient care once they enter the healthcare profession.
Our findings are consistent with previous research, which emphasizes the prevalence of psychological distress among nursing students. Studies have shown that academic demands, clinical exposures, and social expectations significantly contribute to heightened levels of distress, negatively affecting their mental well-being and overall quality of life [25]. Research also suggests that students experiencing higher levels of psychological distress are more likely to suffer from decreased academic performance, social withdrawal, and mental fatigue, ultimately affecting their educational journey [26]. Moreover, students in highly demanding academic programs, such as nursing, are particularly vulnerable to psychological distress, leading to negative implications for their mental health and academic success [27].
The overall academic burnout of the respondents yielded a grand mean of 2.39, which is interpreted as “Moderate Burnout.” This indicates that most nursing students experience a moderate level of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion resulting from their academic workload and clinical responsibilities. This implies that while students may still demonstrate a certain degree of motivation and academic engagement, they also encounter considerable stress, fatigue, and a sense of detachment from their educational tasks. The presence of moderate burnout suggests that the demanding nature of nursing education, coupled with the pressure of clinical practice, may significantly impact their academic performance, mental well-being, and overall quality of life. Our findings align with previous research highlighting the prevalence of academic burnout among nursing students. Students in health-related courses, particularly nursing, are highly susceptible to burnout due to overwhelming academic demands and extended clinical exposures [28]. Moderate to high levels of burnout significantly impact students’ academic performance, motivation, and mental health, leading to reduced learning efficiency and engagement [29]. Nursing students often experience burnout due to the pressure of balancing academic tasks, practical training, and personal responsibilities, which may eventually affect their future professional roles. Academic burnout is also strongly associated with feelings of detachment and exhaustion, which limit students’ academic productivity and diminish their overall well-being [30].
A considerable number of nursing students experience persistent physical, emotional, and mental fatigue caused by their academic workload and clinical requirements. This implies that the accumulation of academic pressures, extended study hours, and demanding practical tasks contributes to their overall exhaustion, resulting in decreased energy and enthusiasm toward academic activities. The high level of burnout in this domain may also reflect the physical and mental toll of nursing education, impacting students’ productivity and long-term engagement in their academic journey. Our findings are consistent with previous research, which emphasizes the high level of exhaustion experienced by nursing students. Students enrolled in demanding academic programs, particularly those in healthcare, often experience severe exhaustion due to the physical and cognitive demands of their coursework. Nursing students frequently encounter high levels of burnout due to prolonged study hours, intensive clinical practice, and insufficient rest, which significantly impacts their academic performance and mental well-being [31]. Exhaustion in educational settings often leads to reduced motivation, decreased academic engagement, and compromised overall well-being. Persistent exhaustion in students may also increase the likelihood of educational failure, absenteeism, and long-term disengagement in their field of study [32].
A considerable number of nursing students experienced a certain degree of mental disconnection from their academic responsibilities. This implies that despite maintaining functional engagement, students may occasionally feel emotionally detached or disinterested in their school-related tasks. The presence of moderate burnout in this domain may affect their motivation, concentration, and overall academic performance, potentially influencing their overall educational experience. Our results are supported by previous research, which highlights the occurrence of mental distance among students experiencing burnout [33]. Mental distance is a common manifestation of burnout, wherein students emotionally withdraw from their academic roles, resulting in reduced interest and engagement [34]. Students experiencing burnout often develop negative attitudes toward their studies, which can lead to decreased academic motivation and enthusiasm.
Nursing students reported experiencing a moderate level of emotional exhaustion, which may occasionally affect their ability to regulate their emotions in school settings. This implies that while students generally manage their feelings, persistent academic pressure and overwhelming clinical duties may still lead to sporadic emotional distress. The presence of moderate burnout suggests that students are vulnerable to experiencing moments of emotional imbalance, which could influence their academic performance, social interactions, and overall mental well-being. The findings of this study align with research highlighting the emotional toll of academic burnout on students [35]. Burnout often leads to emotional imbalance, heightened stress, and difficulties in regulating emotions [36]. High academic demands contribute to emotional exhaustion, which in turn reduces productivity and increases psychological distress. Students struggling with emotional impairment due to burnout are more likely to lose motivation, negatively affecting their learning and well-being [37].
The respondents declared experiencing a moderate level of cognitive exhaustion, which may occasionally interfere with their ability to focus, process information, and perform academic tasks efficiently. This implies that the cognitive load from academic responsibilities and clinical practices contributes to occasional lapses in focus, making it challenging for students to sustain optimal mental performance. However, their ability to maintain academic output despite moderate burnout reflects their resilience and adaptability in managing academic challenges. Our findings support research linking academic burnout to cognitive impairment among students [38]. Burnout often leads to difficulties in concentration, reduced cognitive processing, and inefficient task performance. Cognitive fatigue limits students’ ability to absorb and apply knowledge, thereby reducing academic productivity. Prolonged academic stress further exacerbates cognitive burnout, negatively affecting engagement and learning outcomes [39].
Most respondents reported experiencing a moderate level of psychological distress, characterized by occasional worry, stress, and mental exhaustion. This implies that the combination of academic pr