en <span style=font-size:12pt><span style=font-family:Calibri,sans-serif><b><span lang=EN-ID style=font-size:10.0pt><span cambria= style=font-family:><span style=color:#4f81bd>Aims:</span></span></span></b><span lang=EN-ID style=font-size:10.0pt><span cambria= style=font-family:> This study explored the diverse impacts of family structure on rural Chinese adolescents’ non-cognitive skills using longitudinal data from the China Education Panel Survey.</span></span></span></span><br> <span style=font-size:12pt><span style=font-family:Calibri,sans-serif><b><span lang=EN-ID style=font-size:10.0pt><span cambria= style=font-family:><span style=color:#4f81bd>Instrument & Methods:</span></span></span></b> <span lang=EN-ID style=font-size:10.0pt><span cambria= style=font-family:>This observational analytical study with a longitudinal cohort design was conducted in China from 2013 to 2015, utilizing two waves of the China Education Panel Survey and comprising 5,111 rural adolescents. Family structure was classified into four categories: dual-parent, mother-only, father-only, and grandparent-headed (skip-generation) households. Non-cognitive skills were quantified using culturally adapted Big Five dimensions, with principal-component scores standardized on a 0-1 scale. Departing from resource-deterministic models, we incorporated psychosocial covariates (sibling interactions, intergenerational role modelling, and emotional reciprocity) and applied multilevel linear regressions, alongside subgroup analyses for only-child status and grandparental cohabitation, to disentangle structural and emotional pathways. Stata software was used to analyse the data.</span></span><span lang=EN-ID style=font-size:10.0pt><span cambria= style=font-family:><span style=letter-spacing:-.1pt></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style=font-size:12pt><span style=font-family:Calibri,sans-serif><b><span lang=EN-ID style=font-size:10.0pt><span cambria= style=font-family:><span style=color:#4f81bd>Findings:</span></span></span></b> <span lang=EN-ID style=font-size:10.0pt><span cambria= style=font-family:>Compared with dual-parent households, mother-only, father-only, and non-parent (skip-generation) families showed 1.99%, 2.15%, and 2.52% lower non-cognitive scores (p<0.01), particularly in emotional stability and cooperation. Maternal care exerted stronger protection than paternal care, and grandparental co-residence only partially offset maternal absence. </span></span></span></span><br> <span style=font-size:12pt><span style=font-family:Calibri,sans-serif><b><span lang=EN-ID style=font-size:10.0pt><span cambria= style=font-family:><span style=color:#4f81bd>Conclusion:</span></span></span></b> <span lang=EN-ID style=font-size:10.0pt><span cambria= style=font-family:>Dual-parent residency yields the highest non-cognitive outcomes, and parental absence significantly undermines adolescents’ emotional stability and cooperative skills.</span></span></span></span><br> <br> <span style=font-size:10.5pt><span style=line-height:150%><span style=font-family:Calibri><span style=font-size:10.5000pt><span style=background:#ffff00><span style=font-family:'Times New Roman'><span style=line-height:150%></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Family Structure,Family,Adolescent,Rural Population, 429 436 http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-88844-1&slc_lang=en&sid=4