en Descriptive & Survey <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">Aims:</span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"> To summarize current evidence on the ecological, environmental, socioeconomic, and health-system drivers of viral emergence and re-emergence; Review advances in preventive and therapeutic countermeasures; Evaluate the contribution of the One Health framework; And identify major global preparedness gaps and potential solutions for future outbreaks. </span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">Information & Methods:</span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"> Relevant literature and outbreak-related reports on emerging human viruses were retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar using predefined keywords. This narrative review synthesized evidence regarding drivers of viral emergence, prevention and treatment strategies, One Health implementation, surveillance systems, and global preparedness challenges.</span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">Findings:</span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"> Emerging viral diseases are driven by viral evolution, environmental change, human activities, and weaknesses in public health systems. Advances in vaccines, antivirals, monoclonal antibodies, and novel therapeutic approaches have improved outbreak preparedness and response. However, major challenges remain, including fragmented surveillance, inequitable access to countermeasures, health-system limitations, and misinformation. The One Health approach provides a framework for strengthening prevention, early detection, and coordinated response.</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">Conclusion:</span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"> Mitigating the increasing threat of emerging viral diseases requires a comprehensive and multidisciplinary strategy that combines biomedical innovation, integrated One Health surveillance, resilient health systems, equitable access to diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics, and sustained international collaboration. Addressing persistent preparedness gaps through coordinated governance, long-term investment, and cross-sectoral partnerships will be essential for strengthening global health security and improving readiness for future outbreaks. </span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; Viruses [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68014780], One Health [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/2023382], Public Health Surveillance [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68062486] 1001 1006 http://hehp.daneshafarand.org/browse.php?a_code=A--1-109&slc_lang=en&sid=4 Kazemzadeh S.M.R. 1003194753284600380511 1003194753284600380511 No Fazeli M.M. 1003194753284600380512 1003194753284600380512 No Soleimanjahi H. 1003194753284600380513 1003194753284600380513 Yes